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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are medicated. It can improve symptoms, but it can cause adverse negative side effects. If you experience any adverse effects, speak to your GP about them. Stimulants are the most common type of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These medicines increase levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice to treat ADHD in both children and adults, is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by increasing the activity in brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate is also used to treat other conditions like narcolepsy. It can assist people suffering from the condition to stay alert and improve their ability focus and pay attention. This medication has a high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of abuse and the adverse effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms for some people. It can also increase the severity of behavior and tics in some people suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Patients with these conditions should tell their doctor prior to taking this medication. It is important to inform your doctor if you have any other health problems or are sensitive to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye found in some processed foods and in some medications; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is a drug that can interact with other medications, such as opioid medicines antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) Linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, phenelzine (Nardil) or rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar) or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid drinking alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These drugs may cause a negative effect on your heart rate or blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine, which can be dangerous if you have a genetic condition called Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medication that works within the brain to improve mood and decrease symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which can occur during the fall-winter months. It can also aid smokers in quitting by decreasing nicotine cravings and withdrawal effects. Bupropion has been found to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in a variety of studies. The fixed-effect RR pooled for week-6 improvement (using a clinically meaningful change of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.37) and for the overall response, the proportion of better subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group, compared to 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion could cause dangerous and even life-threatening interactions when taken with other medications. These include antidepressants and sedatives as well as some blood pressure medications. It may also increase seizure risk for those with a history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions and women who are pregnant or nursing are not advised to take it. Bupropion is available as the brand-name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a class of medications that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants developed. Although they aren't considered a first-line treatment for depression anymore but they can be effective for some individuals. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline, increasing their availability in neurons. They can be employed to treat a range of other conditions, including pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective for ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed alone or combined with stimulants. They can alleviate symptoms that are core to the disorder, and can decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. They may also help manage tics. These are uncontrollable, repetitive movements or sounds, such as blinking or throat clearing. TCAs can trigger adverse reactions, including sedation and dry mouth, and may increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. These drugs may interact with other medications, like anticholinergics, and should be avoided in pregnant women. These medications can also cause teratogenic effects on animals and they can cross the placenta. If you are concerned consult your physician, as there are newer antidepressants with a safer side-effects profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are a type of antidepressants that hinder serotonin reuptake by neuronal cells and increase the amount of available serotonin for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are utilized as an adhd medication since they can improve symptoms in certain individuals and are effective along with other medication. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine, and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from the body, but they are extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in variable blood concentrations. They are also prescribed to treat various disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine and escitalopram and sertraline can help reduce PTSD core symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs can cause a rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these drugs it is crucial to talk with your doctor. It is normal for people to to try several different types of ADHD medications before they find the one that works best for them. The development and research of new medication is ongoing. It is important to tell your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant medications don't work for adults with ADHD, doctors often prescribe an antidepressant known as a selective norepinephrine receptor inhibitor (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood, reduce anxiety and depression. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are safer and have fewer adverse effects. They are used to treat many ailments, such as anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia or nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression as well. Examples of SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). They work by preventing the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural process that occurs in the brain after neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal phasic release. The increased norepinephrine levels help increase concentration and mood. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA for treating ADHD However, certain doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are typically taken orally in the form of pills, but they can also be used as patches or liquids. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. best adhd medication for adults uk does not have a potential for abuse, so it is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but they can aid in the treatment of symptoms of ADHD. SNRI medications such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been shown in several studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs can raise blood pressure or interact with other medications. It is essential to speak with a doctor prior to taking these medications. Furthermore, improperly discarded medication can harm people and animals, so it is important to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having less negative effects than stimulants. Consult your doctor and discuss your child's symptoms. SNRIs can raise the body's level of serotonin and norepinephrine, but are not suitable for everyone. For example, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs, because they can pass into breast milk. They should also not be used by people with high blood pressure, liver issues or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people who suffer from ADHD discover that medication can help improve their focus and attention. Some may also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is often combined with behavioral therapy and skills training to help individuals learn how to control their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each individual takes time. During this time, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to determine an equilibrium between the effects of side effects and the benefits. The stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, increase the activity of specific brain chemicals that control memory and attention. They are generally safe and beneficial for the majority of people, however, they may cause serious adverse consequences, such as decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These side effects usually subside after a couple of days as your body gets used to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children as well as adults. They take longer to start working, but they are able to increase concentration and control of impulses. They include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and Guanfacine. Antidepressants are also able to treat ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain and help with the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is a prime example of an antidepressant used for ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD but the drug companies eventually developed extended-release versions and the FDA approved the drug as a treatment for this disorder.